Category Archives: soil

Failure and Adjustments

Dead and dying lawn and hay fields in mid summer, green forests in the background

This year was an interesting year. I began an entirely new garden project of slightly over half an acre, planted dozens of apples, pears, hazelnuts, and mulberries, a dozen or more grapes, and a dozen blueberries. I brought in 60 yards of mushroom soil and half that of wood mulch, dug and planted six 5′ by 80′ beds of grains, vegetables, flowers, and herbs. I fenced it all in to keep the deer out, set up a gasoline pump to irrigate from the pond (The Farm Pond), and then over the rest of the season watched most of it fail miserably regardless of any efforts on my part.

Central Pennsylvania generally has a mild climate, and doesn’t usually see extremes of any kind except rarely in small doses. We have seen hot, dry summers, the remnants of hurricanes, briefly flooded valleys, late frosts that partly ruin flowering tree crops. This past year we had a dry winter, receiving a total of 6″ of snow for the whole season. In February we had multiple weeks of 60F weather, and in May had frosts down to the low 20s. We had a drought that wouldn’t quit, and a single day of 2″ of rain that just washed everything away instead of soaking in. Now in November, digging to plant garlic has uncovered that the soil is still bone dry. Local farmers exclaimed that in living memory nothing of the sort had ever happened here before, and these farmers are old enough that they should have retired decades ago. Harvests were devastated, many fields were written off as a loss and destroyed, some remain unharvested. Even hay crops were pitifully thin, portending a lean winter to come and thinning of herds on many farms.

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Mulching Comparison Experiment, Part 2

1935 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture; A different time with different solutions

I find it necessary to address the sustainability of each of the methods of growing that I will be comparing in my Mulching Comparison Experiment, Part 1. Sustainability is very important to consider when undertaking any agricultural venture. When I say sustainability I mean it very literally, not just speaking from an environmental standpoint. Can this method be sustained indefinitely under the current or foreseeable future conditions?

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Subsoiler aka Chisel Plow (not a hand tool)

In my last post (Battle Royale (Agrarian Style)) I revealed that I have indeed used a tool on a tractor to accomplish an agrarian goal. I used a single shank subsoiler, aka chisel plow or ripper, to help prepare a hillside to become a productive orchard. There were definitely ways that I could have used hand tools only to suit this purpose, but it would have taken years worth of work and crop rotations. This solution allowed me to jump ahead with minimal investment of time and money, and with minimal negative consequences. Read on if you are interested in the reasons behind this exception to my rule (Hand Tools: The Simple Choice).

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Mulching Comparison Experiment, Part 1

Garden with a view

I am starting new gardens from scratch this year, and in the interest of learning new things in new places (Thinking in Long Terms), I have set up an experiment to compare a few different methods of gardening. I will keep this as brief as possible, and expound upon each of these methods as I update you with progress reports over the following years. Each bed will be planted in the spring with potatoes, sweet potatoes, squash, and an assortment of vegetables, along with a row of sunflowers and buckwheat. I have no expectations or knowledge of how the results will look, this experiment is purely out of curiosity and I am excited to see how the different methods turn out. How will they yield, handle drought, soaking rains, etc?

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Compost!

Compost

Compost is the breakdown product of organic wastes, containing large proportions of humus which is a long-acting soil fertility booster. Any organic material (not talking about certified organic designation, just the carbon-based once-living kind of organic) can be composted, eventually becoming soil again as it once was before being integrated into an organism.

“Composts offer a practical means of maintaining the soil fertility which is the most important factor in the successful operation of a subsistence farm….There are available on practically all farms and gardens many materials which are useful for composts, although the farmer or gardener often fails to appreciate their value. Some of the common materials which are often wasted are leaves, straw, muck, vegetable tops, grass clippings, and garbage material which is inedible for chickens or pigs.”

~C.C. Fletcher, 1935 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture

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Crop Rotation and Diversification

Image scanned from 1938 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture "Soils and Men" - Article: "Crop Rotation" by Clyde Leighty

Image scanned from 1938 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture “Soils and Men” – Article: “Crop Rotation” by Clyde Leighty

The concept of crop rotation is not a new idea. It is an idea as old as agriculture. Crop rotation, simply put, is growing a variety of plants in a planned manner to ensure that one species is not grown in the same field for multiple years in a row. It requires a certain amount of diversification, and on the larger industrial scale it can present problems in the need for many different equipment schemes for planting and harvesting. Modern agriculture ‘solves’ this dilemma by ‘scientifically’ replacing, in the form of fertilizer, what it considers to be all of the nutrients that the crop has removed from the soil in the previous year, and replanting that same crop. There are many problems with this plan that are not in the scope of this article to address.

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It All Begins With the Soil

Dirt_and_Mud_002_-_Loose_Dirt_with_Plants

Our lives rely completely upon soil. My life in the country is very simply and easily attributed to a direct link with the soil. In the city you may feel as if you are a few miles removed from getting dirty yourself, but in reality you are just one small step from having manure under your fingernails just to prevent starvation. Even the astronauts in the space station are not immune from requiring the basic necessities of life which we indeed must derive from the soil. With life itself hinging upon the presence and condition of this most necessary substance, shouldn’t we all feel some obligation to consciously contemplate the crumbly crust of the earth for at least a few minutes each day? Continue reading

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